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gender apartheid
The term gender apartheid (also called sexual apartheid or sex apartheid) refers to the economic and social sexual discrimination against individuals because of their gender or sex. It is a system enforced by using either physical or legal practices to relegate individuals to subordinate positions.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.askisrael.org/facts/qpt.asp?fid=9 )〕 Feminist psychologist Phyllis Chesler defines the phenomenon as "practices which condemn girls and women to a separate and subordinate sub-existence and which turn boys and men into the permanent guardians of their female relatives' chastity." Instances of gender apartheid lead not only to the social and economic disempowerment of individuals, but can also result in severe physical harm.〔Anthony Löwstedt, (''Apartheid – Ancient, Past, and Present: Systematic and Gross Human Rights Violations in Graeco-Roman Egypt, South Africa, and Israel/Palestine'', Edition 6, June 28, 2010, Vienna, publisher: (unknown), p. (not specified). )〕
==Term origin==
The term ''gender apartheid'' stems from South Africa's racial apartheid that instituted a system of white supremacy and separated the country's majority black inhabitants from whites. Afrikaans for ''apartness'' or ''separateness'', the use of the term ''apartheid'' to refer to gender reflects a human rights violation that entails both separation and oppression.〔 In defining apartheid, Dr. Anthony Löwstedt wrote:
The concept of separateness in itself does not necessarily imply that any group is or will be favored over any other... The distinctive characteristic of apartheid and of other kinds of oppressive segregation is that political, economic, social, and even geographic conditions are created consciously and systematically in order to forcibly separate groups, invariably to the benefit—at least the short-term benefit—of at least one of the groups, but never, or only accidentally, to the benefit of all of them.〔
It is important to note that gender apartheid is a universal phenomenon and therefore is not confined to South Africa. While reports of gender apartheid have most frequently arisen in the context of Islamic culture, it is prevalent around the world. Some human rights advocates have argued for sanctions against states practicing gender apartheid, similar to those imposed on South Africa under apartheid.〔Barbara Arneil, Editor, ''Sexual justice/cultural justice: critical perspectives in political theory and practice,'' Volume 23 of Routledge innovations in political theory, Taylor & Francis US, 2007, (180 ), ISBN 0-415-77092-0, ISBN 978-0-415-77092-7〕〔Courtney W. Howland, ''Religious fundamentalisms and the human rights of women,'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2001, (p 62 ), ISBN 0-312-29306-2, ISBN 978-0-312-29306-2〕
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